O'Dowd, R. (2019). A transnational model of virtual exchange for global citizenship education. Language Teaching, 1-14. doi:10.1017/S0261444819000077

This paper begins by reviewing e-tandem and telecollaborative approaches to virtual exchange which are currently being used extensively in foreign language (FL) education and presents two case studies which illustrate the common learning outcomes and limitations of such approaches. The author then proposes an alternative model of virtual exchange which maintains many of the key characteristics of earlier approaches but which incorporates the principles of global citizenship education and which moves away from bilingual–bicultural approaches. The author concludes by outlining the main characteristics of this model and presenting some examples of how this approach could be put into practice.