Adapted by Kris Acheson-Clair from the following:

Howell, W.S. (1982). The empathic communicator. Waveland Press Inc.

Kile, N. C. (2018, December 28). What are the stages of cultural awareness?. Continued. https://www.continued.com/early-childhood-education/ask-the-experts/what-stages-cultural-awareness-23104

The Four Levels of Cultural Awareness are based on the Four Stages of Competence attributed to Martin M. Broadwell’s “Four Levels of Teaching.”