This rubric was adapted by Katherine N. Yngve, CILMAR, IDA+A, Purdue University, from the following:

Ruben, B. D. (1976). Assessing communication competency for intercultural adaptation. Group & Organization Studies, 1(3), 334-354.

IDI, LLC. (2019). Intercultural development continuum. https://idiinventory.com/products/the-intercultural-development-continuum-idc/