From the abstract: "The purpose of the study is to compare possible differences in IC development between face-to-face and asynchronous virtual modes of delivery that were taken as emergency measures early in the COVID-19 pandemic for a beginning Italian course with 18- to 22-year-old students."

Stahl, A., Williams, T., Jin, L., Koch, J. (2023). Growing Intercultural Speakers in Novice Italian: A Virtual vs. Face-to-Face Comparison. Foreign Language Annals. https://doi.org/10.1111/flan.12736