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Movie: Touch (2014)

Touch (Short 2015) - IMDb

Touch is about An elderly Chinese immigrant’s cultural ignorance gets him in irreversible trouble in a public restroom. Despite his harmless intentions, he struggles with his son and the legal system to make the context of his behavior understood. The short film explores the cultural gap between father and son, whilst examining the boundaries in the American judicial system. 

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Movie: Hum Tum (2004)

Hum Tum - Rotten Tomatoes

Hum Tum is a 2004 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film. Hum Tum follows the encounters of two people who run into each other on several occasions under circumstances ranging from friendly to hostile to cordial to loving. Over many years and countless run-ins, the two despise each other, befriend each other, and fall in love with each other.

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Journal of International and Intercultural Communication

The Journal of International and Intercultural Communication (JIIC) is a peer-reviewed publication of the National Communication Association. JIIC publishes original scholarship that expands understanding of international, intercultural, and cross-cultural communication. Widely interdisciplinary, JIIC features diverse perspectives and methods, including qualitative, quantitative, critical, and textual approaches to intellectual inquiry. 

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Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies

Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies is a peer-reviewed and interdisciplinary academic international journal edited in the United States. The journal publishes theoretical, methodological, and empirical research from all disciplines dealing with ethnicity and culture. Concerned primarily with critical reviews of current research, JECS enables a space for questions, concepts, and findings of formative influence in ethnic and cultural studies. 

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Utilizing the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale as an Assessment Tool to Gauge Undergraduate Intercultural Competencies

Citation: Tanoos, J. & Lyu, Y. (2022). Utilizing the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale as an Assessment Tool to Gauge Undergraduate Intercultural Competencies. Asian Journal of Social Science and Management Technology. 4, 1, January-February.

America’s comparative geographic isolation from the rest of the world has led many of its citizens to lack global intercultural capabilities, as exemplified by high rates of failure among expatriates working on international assignments for their organizations. In efforts to solve this dilemma, American institutions of higher education have increasingly been integrating study abroad programs and globalization curricula into their coursework. Related assessment tools, such as the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES), have been developed to help instructors to better evaluate students’ intercultural skillsets. These instruments allow academic practitioners to better understand and nurture global awareness and intercultural capabilities in order to plan curricula that best match students’ skill levels and areas of need related to intercultural competencies. This study utilized the IES pre- and post-surveys during an introductory globalization course to understand student capabilities and better predict overall student intercultural competencies.

  1. global awareness
  2. intercultural competence
  3. Intercultural Effectiveness Scale

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Understanding Student Values and Identity: Benchmarking Institutional Initiatives with the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI)

Citation: Acheson, K., & Kelly, C. (2021). Understanding Student Values and Identity: Benchmarking Institutional Initiatives with the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI). Internationalisation of Higher Education - Policy and Practice, Section B 2.14, 65-95.

Description:

  1. BEVI
  2. identity

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Instructor Manual: Transculturation in Introductory Composition

This manual introduces the Transculturation model for integrating intercultural competence into first-year writing courses. New instructors will find a description of the curricular philosophy as well as the curriculum’s structure. We include all necessary documents for implementing the curriculum here. This document also offers guidance for classroom implementation of the curricular interventions.

  1. curriculum design

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Online language learning using virtual classrooms: an analysis of teacher perceptions

Marni Manegre & Kashif Ali Sabiri (2020) Online language learning using virtual classrooms: an analysis of teacher perceptions, Computer Assisted Language Learning, DOI: 10.1080/09588221.2020.1770290

This study explains the emergence of virtual classrooms as an online language learning (OLL) instruction method. The authors surveyed 35 OLL teachers who teach English in virtual classrooms for their perceptions and opinions in working in this environment. The participants generally feel they get to know the students better in virtual classrooms than in other teaching environments. The teachers also perceive that students in virtual classrooms learn at the same rate or faster than in traditional classrooms and that, not only would they like to see more subjects offered online, but they also generally believe that online learning in virtual classrooms may be an alternative learning method to replace traditional classroom learning and home-schooling in most subjects. 

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A Case Study: Students’ Perception of a Collaborative Game-Based Virtual Learning Environment

X. Huang, J. He and H. Wang, "A Case Study: Students’ Perception of a Collaborative Game-Based Virtual Learning Environment," 2020 6th International Conference of the Immersive Learning Research Network (iLRN), 2020, pp. 46-53, doi: 10.23919/iLRN47897.2020.9155159.

Virtual reality (VR) technology can create an immersive English language environment and then encourage the learners to use English by presenting different collaborative communication tasks. Thus, to promote learners in using the target language skills this study applied a spherical video-based virtual reality technology to build a linguistic environment, and a collaborative learning strategy was adopted to promote their communication. Additionally, a mixed-methods research approach was used to analyze students' achievement in a traditional classroom and a virtual reality supported collaborative classroom and to evaluate their perception of the two approaches. The experimental results revealed that the collaborative classroom, supported by virtual reality, was able to enhance students' achievements. Moreover, analysis of student interviews identified their attitudes towards the virtual-reality-supported collaborative class and the use of language learning strategies in those classes. 

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The Role of Pedagogical Mentoring in Virtual Exchange

O'Dowd, R., Sauro, S. and Spector-Cohen, E. (2020), The Role of Pedagogical Mentoring in Virtual Exchange. TESOL Q, 54: 146-172. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.543

This article focuses on the role of the teacher as pedagogical mentor in virtual exchange and examines the impact of the strategies and techniques that teachers use in their classes to support students’ learning during their online intercultural projects. The article begins with a proposed categorization of pedagogical mentoring reported in the literature to date. It then reports on the outcomes of a virtual exchange project carried out by three classes of initial English teacher education in Israel, Spain, and Sweden that involved two types of pedagogical mentoring. 

  1. virtual exchange

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Virtual Exchange as a Study Abroad Alternative to Foster Language and Culture Exchange in TESOL Teacher Education.

Hilliker, S. (2020). Virtual Exchange as a Study Abroad Alternative to Foster Language and Culture Exchange in TESOL Teacher Education. TESL-EJ, 23(4), n4.

Utilizing virtual exchange is an innovative instructional approach being used in higher education that can mimic a clinical virtual study abroad experience. Accordingly, this study reports on 20 participants that took a course on linguistics for ESL/EFL teachers. Teacher candidates in the U.S. were paired with EFL students at a university in Mexico taking a course to improve their spoken English. Through weekly journaling teacher candidates described student errors and reflected on the ties between what they learned in the linguistics class (theory) and made clinical decisions (practice) to help students improve their spoken English. 

  1. virtual exchange

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The Impact of International Virtual Exchange on Participation in Education Abroad

Lee, J., Leibowitz, J., & Rezek, J. (2021). The Impact of International Virtual Exchange on Participation in Education Abroad. Journal of Studies in International Education. https://doi.org/10.1177/10283153211052777

International virtual exchange is gaining popularity as an innovative approach to providing international experiences to students, particularly considering the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little research has been conducted on this unique teaching approach or how it fits into university comprehensive internationalization plans. In this paper, the authors develop a simple theoretical model to explain the impact of taking international virtual exchange classes on students’ decisions to subsequently study abroad. 

 

  1. virtual exchange

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Virtual Exchange to Develop Cultural, Language, and Digital Competencies

Machwate, S., Bendaoud, R., Henze, J., Berrada, K., & Burgos, D. (2021). Virtual Exchange to Develop Cultural, Language, and Digital Competencies. Sustainability, 13(11), 5926. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115926

Many researchers have underlined the benefits of student mobility in strengthening their communication skills. Studying a foreign language and fostering knowledge about behavioural attitudes are the most common research cases. One of the major issues of mobility, by its very nature, is that it implies significant travel and accommodation costs. Virtual mobility, or Virtual Exchange (VE), can be introduced as a proactive alternative solution. This work presents an evaluation of a telecollaborative online course model organised as a VE between German and Moroccan universities. It was established to explore the benefits of integrating a VE experience by practicing some 21st-century knowledge elements as tools for the development of intercultural, language, and digital competencies from the perspective of mobility. 

  1. virtual exchange

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Bradley Dilger and Team on Intercultural Learning in "Linked" 1st Year English Courses

The transculturation team presents on interactively linking courses of international and domestic students to foster intercultural learning.

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Dilger and the transculturation team - 2019 CILMAR Mini Grant - ICC development and reflective writing

The transculturation team presents new updates and results about their work on "Intercultural Competence Development and Reflective Writing in the Linked Course Model Curriculum".

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Enhancing intercultural effectiveness in international virtual student teams: an exploratory study

Petrovskaya, I., Shaposhnikov, S. Enhancing intercultural effectiveness in international virtual student teams: an exploratory study. Educ Res Policy Prac 19, 345–361 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-020-09262-w

The present study focused on the behavioural dimension of intercultural communication competence and investigated whether the short-term experience of working on a project assignment in a virtual multicultural team could produce an increase in students’ intercultural effectiveness. The study employed a single-group pre-test-post-test research design. The sample included 73 students representing 16 nationalities studying in Russian and Japanese universities majoring in business or economics. Students’ responses on the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (Portalla and Chen in Intercult Commun Stud 19(3):21–37, 2010) were collected before and after the project, and paired difference tests (t test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test) were used for data analysis. Results indicate that that overall intercultural effectiveness of the students by the end of the project increased as compared to pre-test scores. 

  1. virtual intercultural teams

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Research into practice: Virtual exchange in language teaching and learning

Dooly, M., & Vinagre, M. (2021). Research into practice: Virtual exchange in language teaching and learning. Language Teaching, 1-15. doi:10.1017/S0261444821000069

In this article, the authors reflect on the ways research on Virtual Exchange (VE) has had an impact on language education practices and, conversely, areas in which research has been underexplored, misapplied or perhaps even over applied by VE practitioners in formal education settings. Starting from a brief historical overview of VE, the text first outlines the features widely accepted as key aspects of this pedagogical approach before considering to what extent research results can be identified in VE implementation. Principal topics covered are the main aims regarding language development when VE is applied, assessment of language development through VE and VE and intercultural competence. While the article is not intended as a comprehensive review, it provides insight into the main foci of VE research and how these findings are reaching the language classroom (primary, secondary and university).

  1. language learning
  2. virtual exchange

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Design and development of a web App for ICT and intercultural competences professor self-training

Ricardo-Barreto, C., & Jabba, D. (2020, October). Design and development of a web App for ICT and intercultural competences professor self-training. In 2020 12th International Conference on Education Technology and Computers (pp. 17-20).

This article describes the design and development of a web app to improve the intercultural and ICT competences of university professors, allowing them to create virtual intercultural learning environments. It proposes approaches based on principles of self-training, virtual education, interculturality, and universal learning design. Its development is adopted from the ADDIE instructional design model. The App considers the phenomenon of the use of technology as a means for self-training and appropriation of competences in virtual intercultural learning environments.

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A Descriptive Comparison of Three Virtual Journal Club Formats to Promote Evidence-Based and Intercultural Learning in Nursing Education: A Pilot Study

Schimböck, F., & Seppänen, J. (2020). A Descriptive Comparison of Three Virtual Journal Club Formats to Promote Evidence-Based and Intercultural Learning in Nursing Education: A Pilot Study.

Traditional journal club formats based on a presentation session followed by a group discussion are well-known in healthcare education but have many limitations. To overcome some of these, virtual journal club (VJC) formats using the learning management system (LMS) Moodle were developed. Aim: The aim of the study was to offer and compare three VJC formats (via forum, chat and videoconference) for nursing students of two universities in Germany and Finland and to report students’ satisfaction regarding structure, organisation, procedure and intercultural learning.

  1. virtual intercultural learning

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Challenges and other feedback: Integrating intercultural learning in the Digital Age

Bailey, A., & Gruber, A. (2020). Challenges and other feedback: Integrating intercultural learning in the Digital Age. The EuroCALL Review, 28(1), 3-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2020.11982

This mixed method case study explored globalization and complex relationships through a virtual exchange project between students from Germany and Colombia in upper intermediate level English classes. We believed by providing a space for online conversation, written collaboration and discussion, students would enhance their plurilingual and pluricultural competence as well as their communicative competences through the medium of English as an international language (EIL).  The aim was also to enable students to investigate cultural complexity and to develop cultural curiosity. 

  1. virtual exchange

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Promoting Intercultural Competence in a Learning Activity Supported by Virtual Reality Technology

Shadiev, R., Wang, X. & Huang, Y. (2020). Promoting Intercultural Competence in a Learning Activity Supported by Virtual Reality Technology. International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 21(3), 157–174. https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v21i3.4752
 
Virtual reality (VR) technology makes it possible to create an authentic virtual environment that benefits immersive learning. The authors designed an intercultural learning activity and applied VR technology to support it. Then, they investigated students’ perceptions of the learning activity, VR technology, and intercultural competence (IC) development during learning. Students from China and Uzbekistan participated in the activity, in which a pragmatic mixed-methods approach was used. The data were collected through student reports, three questionnaires, and interviews, and then analyzed. Three main findings were obtained.
 

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Developing intercultural competence through a linked course model curriculum: Mainstream and L2-specific first-year writing

Citation: Banat, H., Sims, R., Tran, P., Panahi, P., & Dilger, B. (2021). Developing intercultural competence through a linked course model curriculum: Mainstream and L2-specific first-year writing. TESOL Journal, 00, 1– 16. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.613

Institutions of higher education in the United States continue to witness a dramatic shift in the spectrum of diversity in their student populations. Multiple variables of difference that mixed student demographics bring to university campuses make internationalization work necessary both inside and outside the classroom. Internationalization of higher education is a collaborative responsibility academic and nonacademic programs should share to facilitate the integration of various student populations within the broader culture of the university. However, there are few, if any, models for internationalizing introductory courses required of a large percentage of the student body, such as first-year writing (FYW). In this article, the authors propose and argue for an intercultural competence–oriented approach to internationalizing writing programs through a linked course model curriculum that pairs international and domestic students in separate second language–specific and mainstream FYW classes. The linked course model curriculum develops and assesses students’ intercultural learning and writing skills as core learning outcomes. This article presents the curricular design and interventions, the research design of the study conducted across three semesters of curriculum implementation, and the reflective writing results from the pilot semester to communicate the preliminary effectiveness of this curricular model.

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Documentary: Babies (2010)

Filmmaker Thomas Balmès criss-crosses the globe to observe and record the first two years in the lives of four infants and their families. Ponijao is the youngest of nine children and lives in a village in Namibia. Bayarjargal's family lives in Mongolia. Hattie is a San Francisco couple's first child, and Mari is the first child of a couple living in Tokyo.

ADHD and Me: What I Learned From Lighting Fires at the Dinner Table

 

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Movie: The Karate Kid (1984)

Ralph Macchio, right, and Pat Morita starred in "The Karate Kid," which debuted in 1984.

Being the new kid in a Southern California town, 14-year-old Daniel becomes a red-hot target of a group of bullies who study karate at the Cobra Kai dojo. At school, Daniel grows close with Ali Mills, an attractive cheerleader, which grabs the attention of her arrogant ex-boyfriend, Johnny Lawrence, who is also a skilled practitioner of the unethical and dangerous form of karate. Johnny and his gang torment Daniel and continuously beat him up, until Kesuke Miyagi, the handyman at Daniel’s apartment, intervenes and single-handedly defeats all five bullies in the famous Halloween fight scene.

Source: https://www.familyminded.com/s/films-that-address-bullying-ddec43ba70514de0

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Movie: To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)

Gregory Peck, left, and Mary Badham star in "To Kill a Mockingbird."

The story of widower Atticus Finch, who makes the difficult decision to defend an African American man accused of raping a white woman, and his children teaches older kids important lessons about prejudice, and the themes of empathy, compassion and justice are universal and timeless.

Source: https://www.familyminded.com/s/films-that-address-bullying-ddec43ba70514de0

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Documentary: Life, Animated (2016)

Owen Suskind stars in "Life, Animated."

This gripping documentary tells the story of Owen Suskind, a young man with autism who uses his passion for Disney movies to help him understand the world and communicate more effectively with the people in his life. By tackling the issues of disability, adult children with special needs, learning differences and what it means to be independent.

Source: https://www.familyminded.com/s/family-movies-that-celebrate-diversity-446eb171be8f4216

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Movie: Loving (2016)

Joel Edgerton, right, and Ruth Negga star in "Loving."

"Loving” is a powerful drama inspired by the true story of an interracial couple’s historic fight. Richard and Mildred Loving (played by Joel Edgerton and Ruth Negga, respectively) got married in Virginia in 1958, even though it was illegal at the time, and as a result, they are arrested and kicked out of their home.

At the heart of this movie is a message of hope: It’s possible for love and compassion to defeat hatred and prejudice, and real love survives even the harshest of social and cultural constraints.

Source: https://www.familyminded.com/s/family-movies-that-celebrate-diversity-446eb171be8f4216

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Movie: I Am Eleven (2014)

"I Am Eleven" follows the lives of eleven-year-olds from around the world.

This compelling, moving film follows 11-year-olds from around the world (Australia, Bulgaria, China, France, Germany, India, Morocco, Japan, Sweden, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States). The youngsters share their beliefs, challenges, passions and triumphs, showing that issues like bullying and discrimination are experienced by everyone, regardless of where you come from and what you look like.

Source: https://www.familyminded.com/s/family-movies-that-celebrate-diversity-446eb171be8f4216

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Movie: Hidden Figures (2017)

Taraji P. Henson, left, and Janelle Monáe star in "Hidden Figures."

The movie is about a true story of three brilliant African American women who worked at NASA during the early 1960s. At this time, both women and people of color were widely and openly discriminated against, particularly in segregationist Virginia.

Source: https://www.familyminded.com/s/family-movies-that-celebrate-diversity-446eb171be8f4216

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Movie: Remember the Titans (2000)

Will Patton and Denzel Washington star in "Remember the Titans."

The Titans have to learn to overcome their own personal differences and play together as a team despite their town’s racial tensions, which are highlighted by racial slurs, riots and public segregation.

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Documentary: On the Way to School (Sur le chemin de l’école) (2013)

Gabriel J. Esther, Emmanuel J. Esther and Samuel J. Esther all star in "Sur le chemin de l'ecole."

“On the Way to School” features four children on their way to school, each of them overcoming their own personal obstacles to get there. Samuel is pushed 2.5 miles in a homemade wheelchair by his younger brothers; Jackson has to avoid wild animals on the African savannah; Zahira navigates the Atlas Mountains weekly to get to boarding school; and Carlito has a 90-minute horseback ride across the pampas.

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Movie: My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002)

My Big Fat Greek Wedding movie poster.jpg

A young Greek woman falls in love with a non-Greek and struggles to get her family to accept him while she comes to terms with her heritage and cultural identity.

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Using the BEVI to Assess Individual Experience to Enhance International Programming

Grant, J., Acheson, K., & Karcher, E. (2021). Using the BEVI to Assess Individual Experience to Enhance International Programming. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 33(1), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v33i1.491

This case study (n=11) documents the implementation of intercultural learning activities throughout a semester long course and a 9-day trip to Vietnam. Researchers anticipated positive development in critical thinking, openness, and environmental concern measured by the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory.

  1. BEVI

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Evaluating an Intensive Program to Increase Cultural Intelligence: A Quasi-Experimental Design

Chang Alexander, K., Ingersoll, L. T., Calahan, C. A., Miller, M. L., Shields, C. G., Gipson, J. A., & Chang Alexander, S. (2021). Evaluating an Intensive Program to Increase Cultural Intelligence: A Quasi-Experimental Design . Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 33(1), 106-128. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v33i1.497

This study used a quasi-experimental design to compare the effects of an intercultural development program on students' Cultural Intelligence (CQ) compared with students in a summer research program who did not receive the intervention. 

  1. cultural intelligence

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Constructing the Learning Outcomes with Intercultural Assessment: A 3-Year Study of a Graduate Study Abroad and Glocal Experience Programs

Cartwright, C., Stevens, M., & Schneider, K. (2021). Constructing the Learning Outcomes with Intercultural Assessment: A 3-Year Study of a Graduate Study Abroad and Glocal Experience Programs . Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 33(1), 82-105. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v33i1.521

Learners were assessed using the Inter cultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) and the AAC&U VALUE Rubric on Intercultural Knowledge and Competency (IKAC). Results support the criticality of intentional instructional course design based on intercultural assessment data for improved intercultural competency development.

  1. AAC&U Rubrics
  2. Intercultural Effectiveness Scale

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Intercultural Communication Competence of Nurses Providing Care for Patients from Different Cultures

Yakar, H. K., & Alpar, S. E. (2018). Intercultural communication competence of nurses providing care for patients from different cultures. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 11(3), 1743-1755.

This study was performed with nurses who provide care for an intercultural population with the objective of determining intercultural communication competence of nurses who provide care for patients from different cultures. Data were collected from 204 nurses using a Nurse Identification Form, the Intercultural Awareness Scale, Intercultural Sensitivity Scale and Intercultural Effectiveness Scale.

  1. Intercultural Effectiveness Scale
  2. Intercultural Sensitivity Scale

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Enhancing intercultural effectiveness in international virtual student teams: an exploratory study

Petrovskaya, I., & Shaposhnikov, S. (2020). Enhancing intercultural effectiveness in international virtual student teams: an exploratory study. Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 19(3), 345-361.

The present study focused on the behavioural dimension of intercultural communication competence and investigated whether the short-term experience of working on a project assignment in a virtual multicultural team could produce an increase in students’ intercultural effectiveness. The study employed a single-group pre-test-post-test research design. The sample included 73 students representing 16 nationalities studying in Russian and Japanese universities majoring in business or economics. Students’ responses on the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (Portalla and Chen in Intercult Commun Stud 19(3):21–37, 2010) were collected before and after the project, and paired difference tests (t test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test) were used for data analysis.

  1. Intercultural Effectiveness Scale

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Utilizing the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) to Enhance International Student Travel

Bates, A., & Rehal, D. A. (2017). Utilizing the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) to Enhance International Student Travel. International Research and Review, 7(1), 44-53.

This paper highlights how one institution used the International Effectiveness Scale (IES) to support intercultural exploration and development for short-term undergraduate travel programs. Authors discuss utilization of the IES to explore students' intercultural development, how it can be applied to create an individualized action plan, and how it can identify intercultural goals during university-sponsored international travel opportunities. 

  1. Intercultural Effectiveness Scale

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Internationalisation and the development of students’ intercultural competence

Caprice Lantz-Deaton (2017) Internationalisation and the development of students’ intercultural competence, Teaching in Higher Education, 22:5, 532-550, DOI: 10.1080/13562517.2016.1273209

 The Intercultural Development Inventory® (IDI®) and a locally designed survey were used to assess students’ intercultural competence and to explore their intercultural experiences over seven months. Students began almost exclusively in lower (ethnocentric) stages of intercultural development and most showed little progress despite reporting relatively high levels of intercultural contact, friends from other cultures and positive experiences. 

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The Role of Pedagogical Variables in Intercultural Development: a Study of Faculty-led Programs

Spenader, A., & Retka, P. (2015). The Role of Pedagogical Variables in Intercultural Development: a Study of Faculty-led Programs. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 25(1), 20-36. https://doi.org/10.36366/frontiers.v25i1.342

This study investigates the intercultural development in several semester-long study abroad programs at the undergraduate level, using the Intercultural Development Inventory, or IDI. The faculty-led cohort model utilizes a study abroad seminar incorporating an experiential learning project to provide pedagogical supports and cultural interventions to students during their sojourn. The study compares mean IDI scores of various cohorts across multiple personal, contextual and pedagogical variables. 

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Intercultural development in study abroad: Influence of student and program characteristics

Terzuolo, E. R. (2018). Intercultural development in study abroad: Influence of student and program characteristics. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 65, 86-95.

This quantitative, longitudinal, quasi-experimental study assesses the impact of a semester abroad on students’ ways of understanding and approaching cultural difference, their “intercultural development.” It also examines whether certain demographic characteristics and background experiences of students, as well as characteristics of study abroad programs, influence outcomes.

Change over a semester in Developmental Orientation (DO) scores on the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI) v3 is the dependent variable. 

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Utilizing the Intercultural Development Inventory® to develop intercultural competence

Kruse, J.A., Didion, J. & Perzynski, K. Utilizing the Intercultural Development Inventory® to develop intercultural competence. SpringerPlus 3, 334 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-334

The purpose of this study was to assess the cultural competency of students, faculty, and staff from a small Midwest-university college of nursing.

This study was part of a larger interventional study to enhance the cultural development of the College of Nursing faculty, staff, and students. The sample for this study included 314 participants (students, faculty, and staff) in phase one of the parent study. Phase one included the initial administration of the Intercultural Development Inventory (IDI®) over a two year period with analysis of the pre-test results. Phase two includes the implementation of cultural development interventions with a post-test IDI® survey and is currently in process.

 

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Intercultural competency development of health professions students during study abroad in India

Richards, C. A., & Doorenbos, A. Z. (2016). Intercultural competency development of health professions students during study abroad in India. Journal of nursing education and practice, 6(12), 89–98. https://doi.org/10.5430/jnep.v6n12p89

This was a mixed methods study, with a pretest-posttest, within-subjects design, and content analysis of student reflection journals. The curriculum was designed to increase students’ sensitivity to different cultural worldviews and support attitudes such as curiosity and openness that lead to relational abilities such as flexibility and adaptability. Students completed the Intercultural Sensitivity Scale (ISS) and Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) both 3 months prior to and immediately following the trip. 

As a standard part of the curriculum, students were given journals with activities and guided reflections. These were designed to address different competencies in the Association of American Colleges & Universities’ (AACU’s) Intercultural Knowledge and Competence VALUE Rubric.

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Measuring intercultural knowledge and competence in college essays: Does a performance-based rubric have construct validity?

Gray, J. S.,  Connolly, J. P., & Brown, M. A. (2019). Measuring intercultural knowledge and competence in college essays: Does a performance-based rubric have construct validity? Studies in Educational Evaluation, 62, 142-148.

This study explored the construct validity and reliability of a performance-based rubric, the Intercultural Knowledge and Competence VALUE Rubric (Rhodes, 2010), the items of which are posited to measure elements of Social Responsibility (SR). 

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An examination of the effectiveness of virtual reality technology for intercultural competence development

Akdere, Mesut & Acheson-Clair, Kris & Jiang, Yeling. (2021). An examination of the effectiveness of virtual reality technology for intercultural competence development. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 82. 109-120. 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.03.009. 

This study examines the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) technology as an innovative learning platform in developing intercultural competence, including intercultural knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs.

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Challenges and other feedback: Integrating intercultural learning in the Digital Age

Bailey, A., & Gruber, A. (2020). Challenges and other feedback: Integrating intercultural learning in the Digital Age. The EuroCALL Review, 28(1), 3-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.4995/eurocall.2020.11982

This mixed method case study explored globalization and complex relationships through a virtual exchange project between students from Germany and Colombia in upper intermediate level English classes. The authors believed by providing a space for online conversation, written collaboration and discussion, students would enhance their plurilingual and pluricultural competence as well as their communicative competences through the medium of English as an international language (EIL).  The aim was also to enable students to investigate cultural complexity and to develop cultural curiosity.

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Promoting Intercultural Learning through Synchronous Video Exchange: A Talk Abroad Case Study

Citation:

Warner-Ault, A. (2020). Promoting intercultural learning through synchronous video exchange: A talk abroad case study. International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching (IJCALLT), 10(1), 1-14.

The current study explores utilizing the ACTFL cultural framework to structure synchronous video-based speaking activities and subsequent class discussions. The study includes 39 students in two sections of an intermediate-level college Spanish course who engaged in five 30-minute conversations with native speakers of Spanish via Talk Abroad during one semester. Quantitative and qualitative data from the semester suggest students' oral proficiency and critical cultural awareness improved. A comparison of survey data indicates that student-reported satisfaction and learning via Talk Abroad was comparable to that of virtual exchanges coordinated by professors during previous semesters. These findings suggest third-party providers can provide students a similar level of learning and engagement for less of an investment in time, technology, and institutional resources than has been reported in previous studies.

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Teaching and Teacher Education

Teaching and Teacher Education is an international journal concerned primarily with teachers, teaching, and/or teacher education situated in an international perspective and context. The journal focuses on early childhood through high school (secondary education), teacher preparation, along with higher education concerning teacher professional development and/or teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education is a multidisciplinary journal committed to no single approach, discipline, methodology, or paradigm. The journal welcomes varied approaches (qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods) to empirical research; also publishing high quality systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Manuscripts should enhance, build upon, and/or extend the boundaries of theory, research, and/or practice in teaching and teacher education. 

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Teaching in Higher Education

Teaching in Higher Education offers a particular challenge to develop a discourse of teaching and learning which transcends disciplinary boundaries and specialisms whilst drawing upon the rigour of a range of disciplines and takes a view of learning which entails concepts of transformation and critique in relation to dominant traditions and visions. It will therefore appeal to those who wish to explore how such aims might be realised through a commitment to teaching in a variety of cultural and disciplinary contexts represented in higher education internationally.

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Managing Communication within Virtual Intercultural Teams

Grosse, C. U. (2002). Managing Communication within Virtual Intercultural Teams. Business Communication Quarterly, 65(4), 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/108056990206500404

As global companies increasingly rely on virtual teams to conduct short- and long- term projects, business students need to be prepared to manage the communication of intercultural teams. Communicating across cultures using technology can be a difficult task. It requires understanding the advantages and limitations of technol ogy and how to build relationships via technology. Virtual team members need to choose an appropriate communication channel for their purposes and be sure to balance distance work with face-to-face communication. Team leaders should encourage open communication and brainstorming, and avoid assignment of blame. Other strategies for success include: 1) develop a network of good relation ships built on trust and understanding, 2) show respect for other cultures and lan guages, and 3) understand how diversity strengthens the team.

  1. global teams
  2. virtual intercultural teams

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Globalization, reflexivity, and the project of the self: a virtual intercultural learning process

Aliakbar Jafari & Christina Goulding (2013) Globalization, reflexivity, and the project of the self: a virtual intercultural learning process, Consumption Markets & Culture, 16:1, 65-90, DOI: 10.1080/10253866.2012.659435

In this paper, the authors examine the consumption practices of young adult Iranians in the context of cultural globalization. Based on the analysis of qualitative data collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and focus groups with 28 individuals in Tehran and Karaj, the authors demonstrate how, through its cultural flow (circulation of images, signs, products, etc.) globalization stimulates reflexivity in “an ongoing process of virtual intercultural learning” through which people reconstitute their lives and change their everyday consumption practices and lifestyle choices. The key contribution of the study lies in the fact that it examines consumers’ subjective consumption experiences in a society where the traditional/institutional dynamics enforce their own values and ideal lifestyles on individuals.

  1. cultural globalization
  2. virtual intercultural learning

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International Journal of STEM Education

The International Journal of STEM Education is a multidisciplinary journal in subject-content education that focuses on the study of teaching and learning in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). It is being established as a brand new, forward looking journal in the field of education. As a peer-reviewed journal, it is positioned to promote research and educational development in the rapidly evolving field of STEM education around the world.

  1. STEM

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Cultural Studies of Science Education

Cultural Studies of Science Education is a peer reviewed journal that provides an interactive platform for researchers working in the multidisciplinary fields of cultural studies and science education. By taking a cultural approach and paying attention to theories from cultural studies, this new journal reflects the current diversity in the study of science education in a variety of contexts, including schools, museums, zoos, laboratories, parks and gardens, aquariums and community development, maintenance and restoration.

  1. College of Science

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COVID’s mental-health toll: how scientists are tracking a surge in depression

As the COVID-19 pandemic enters its second year, new fast-spreading variants have caused a surge in infections in many countries, and renewed lockdowns. The devastation of the pandemic — millions of deaths, economic strife and unprecedented curbs on social interaction — has already had a marked effect on people’s mental health. Researchers worldwide are investigating the causes and impacts of this stress, and some fear that the deterioration in mental health could linger long after the pandemic has subsided. Ultimately, scientists hope that they can use the mountains of data being collected in studies about mental health to link the impact of particular control measures to changes in people’s well-being, and to inform the management of future pandemics.

  1. mental health

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The Implications of COVID-19 for Mental Health and Substance Use

The COVID-19 pandemic and the resulting economic recession have negatively affected many people’s mental health and created new barriers for people already suffering from mental illness and substance use disorders. During the pandemic, about 4 in 10 adults in the U.S. have reported symptoms of anxiety or depressive disorder, a share that has been largely consistent, up from one in ten adults who reported these symptoms from January to June 2019.

  1. mental health

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Book: Interior Chinatown (2020)

 From the infinitely inventive author of How to Live Safely in a Science Fictional Universe comes a deeply personal novel about race, pop culture, immigration, assimilation, and escaping the roles we are forced to play. 

Interior Chinatown

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COVID-19 disrupting mental health services in most countries, WHO survey

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted or halted critical mental health services in 93% of countries worldwide while the demand for mental health is increasing, according to a new WHO survey. The survey of 130 countries provides the first global data showing the devastating impact of COVID-19 on access to mental health services and underscores the urgent need for increased funding.

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Journal of International Students

The journal publishes scholarly peer-reviewed articles on international students in tertiary education, secondary education, and other educational settings that make significant contributions to research, policy, and practice in the internationalization of education worldwide.

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Self-care: Take Care of Your Mental Health During COVID-19

Self-care can be whatever you want or need it to be. The best part about a self-care plan is that it’s your plan, and nobody else’s. These tips from the Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) curriculum can help you practice self-care and take care of your mental health during COVID-19.

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The gender gap in mental well-being during the Covid-19 outbreak: Evidence from the UK

Citation: Etheridge, Ben; Spantig, Lisa (2020) : The gender gap in mental well-being during the Covid-19 outbreak: Evidence from the UK, ISER Working Paper Series, No. 2020-08, University of Essex, Institute for Social and Economic Research (ISER), Colchester

In this paper the authors use rich and representative longitudinal data to document a large decline in mental well-being after the Covid outbreak in the UK. Consistently with the existing evidence, they show a disproportionate decline for women, twice as large as for men.

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Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad

Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad is a platinum open access journal. All articles are available on the internet to all users immediately upon publication and at no cost to readers or authors.

Frontiers is published by The Forum on Education Abroad, which funds the fully open-access model.

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Journal of Intercultural Communication Research

The Journal of Intercultural Communication Research ( JICR ) is a publication of the World Communication Association. JICR publishes qualitative and quantitative research that focuses on interrelationships between culture and communication. Generally, research published in JICR emphasizes non-mediated contexts. Submitted manuscripts may report results from either cross-cultural comparative research or results from other types of research concerning the ways culture affects human symbolic activities. Studies reporting data from within a single nation/culture should focus on cultural factors and explore the theoretical or practical relevance of their findings from a cross-cultural perspective.

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International Journal of Intercultural Relations

IJIR is dedicated to advancing knowledge and understanding of theory, research and practice in the field of intercultural relations, including, but not limited to, topics such as immigrant acculturation and integration; intergroup relations, and intercultural communication that have implications for social impact. 

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Active Learning in Higher Education

Active Learning in Higher Education is an international, refereed publication for all those who teach and support learning in higher education and those who undertake or use research into effective learning, teaching and assessment in universities and colleges. The journal has an objective of improving the status of teaching and learning support as professional activity and so looks at academic theory and practice applicable in/to all disciplines and contexts/countries in higher education.

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Intercultural Education

Intercultural Education is a global forum for the analysis of issues dealing with education in plural societies. It provides educational professionals with the knowledge and information that can assist them in contributing to the critical analysis and the implementation of intercultural education.

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Documentary: Mucho Mucho Amor (2020)

This documentary features interviews with American Latinos who found a connection to their heritage in Mercado’s ubiquitous presence on Spanish-language television for several decades.

Walter Mercado's Legacy in Netflix's “Mucho Mucho Amor” – NBC Palm Springs – News, Weather, Traffic, Breaking News

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Movie: Moonlight (2016)

The film presents three stages in the life of the main character: his childhood, adolescence, and early adult life. It explores the difficulties he faces with his sexuality and identity, including the physical and emotional abuse he endures growing up.

Moonlight (2016 film).png

  1. identity
  2. sexuality

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Self-Care Tips for Taking Care of You During the Coronavirus Pandemic

COVID-19 has upended our daily routines, our future plans, and our lifestyles. Here are some of the best ways to manage stress, sleep, physical activity, eating well, and more to take care of you right now.

  1. Self-care

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2021 CILMAR Seed Grant Informational Meeting

At the informational meeting, we talked about the process of proposal submission. In particular, we introduced the priority areas that we are looking for, who are eligible to apply, guidance for application, criteria for proposal review, what products we expect you to accomplish through the grant, and key dates you need to be aware of. It also included a Q&A session at the end.

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Iceberg activity

Iceberg was one activity in the "Worldview Workshop". As a result of this activity, participants will be able to: 1. Understand the iceberg analogy of culture. 2. Articulate whether some aspects of culture are visible or invisible. 

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Pacing activity

Pacing was one activity used in the "Worldview Workshop". As a result of this activity, participants will be able to: 1. "Identify three primary patterns of communication pacing. 2. Identify how people using different pacing patterns might perceive one another. 3. Identify effective ways to manage pacing patterns" (Stringer & Cassiday, 2009, p. 111).

 

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Development and validation of the Miami University Diversity Awareness Scale (MUDAS)

Mosley-Howard, G. S., Witte, R., & Wang, A. (2011). Development and validation of the Miami University Diversity Awareness Scale (MUDAS). Journal of Diversity in Higher Education, 4(2), 65–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021505

This study chronicles the validation of the Miami University Diversity Awareness Scale (MUDAS). This instrument is designed to measure the level of student awareness about issues of culture, intergroup interaction, social justice, and the degree to which students believe these issues are presented in the college classroom. 

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Movie: The Namesake (2006)

The Namesake depicts the struggles of Ashoke and Ashima Ganguli (Irrfan Khan and Tabu), first-generation immigrants from the East Indian state of West Bengal to the United States, and their American-born children Gogol (Kal Penn) and Sonia (Sahira Nair). The film takes place primarily in Kolkata, New York City, and suburbs of New York City.

The Namesake.jpg

 

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Movie: Picture Bride (1995)

The film follows Riyo, who arrives in Hawaii as a "picture bride" for a man she has never met before. The story is based on the historical practice, due to U.S. anti-miscegenation laws, of (mostly) Japanese immigrant laborers in the United States using long-distance matchmakers in their homelands to find wives.

Picture Bride movie review & film summary (1995) | Roger Ebert

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Risk and Resilience in Family Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Citation:

Prime, H., Wade, M., & Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist.

The current article draws from pertinent literature across topic areas of acute crises and long-term, cumulative risk to illustrate the multitude of ways in which the well-being of children and families may be at risk during COVID-19.

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Sexual and Gender Minority Stress Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for LGBTQ Young Persons’ Mental Health and Well-Being

Citation:  

Salerno, J. P., Devadas, J., Pease, M., Nketia, B., & Fish, J. N. (2020). Sexual and Gender Minority Stress Amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for LGBTQ Young Persons’ Mental Health and Well-Being. Public Health Reports, 135(6), 721–727. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033354920954511

The indirect psychological harms of the COVID-19 pandemic for those who belong to minoritized communities are complicated, exacerbated, and compounded by experiences and stressors specific to their marginalized social identities. In this regard, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer or questioning (LGBTQ) adolescents and young adults have received limited public health attention. This commentary aims to provide a nuanced perspective on the potential indirect mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic crisis on LGBTQ young persons.

  1. stress

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Movie: Slumdog Millionaire (2008)

As a contestant on the Kaun Banega Crorepati, an Indian version of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? Jamal surprises everyone by being able to answer every question correctly. Accused of cheating, Jamal recounts his life story to the police, illustrating how he is able to answer each question correctly.

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Climate for learning and openness

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282890513_Climate_for_Learning_and_Students'_Openness_to_Diversity_and_Challenge_A_Critical_Role_for_Faculty

Citation: Ryder, A. J., Reason, R. D., Mitchell, J. J., Gillon, K., & Hemer, K. M. (2015, October 5). Climate for Learning and Students’ Openness to Diversity and Challenge: A Critical Role for Faculty. Journal of Diversity in Higher Education. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0039766

This article examines the relationship between perceptions of climate for learning and students’ level of openness to diversity and challenge (ODC). Using Bronfenbrenner’s process-person-context-time (PPCT) model of student environments as the theoretical framework, the study found that a climate for learning and faculty advocacy for the respect of diverse ideas is positively associated with students’ openness to diversity and challenge. Faculty members who encourage the exploration of different cultures and worldviews help increase students’ ODC.

  1. diversity
  2. faculty development
  3. openness

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Diversity and inclusion in the college classroom

Source: https://provost.tufts.edu/celt/files/Diversity-and-Inclusion-Report.pdf

This is a faculty-focused report that features 20 articles about the importance of diversity and inclusion in higher education settings and practice/activities that can be applied by faculty. For example, in Teaching and Learning “Respect” and “Acceptance” in the Classroom, the author notes a DEEP model (Developing appropriate language use, Encouraging open and honest dialogue, Empowering students to share, Processing information by reconnecting it to course content). These articles contain many practical tools that can help create an inclusive and respectful classroom environment.

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Movie: Saving face (2004)

Saving face is a 2004 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Alice Wu, in her feature-length debut. The film focuses on Wilhelmina, a young Chinese-American surgeon; her unwed, pregnant mother; and her dancer girlfriend.

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Well-being and mental health amid COVID-19: Differences in resilience across minorities and whites

The COVID-19 pandemic was an exponential shock to much of the U.S. population and also exposed deep vulnerabilities associated with our fragmented health care system and our extreme income inequality. African Americans, for example, who suffer from racial as well as income inequalities, also suffered disproportionately from COVID-19 incidence and mortality. Predominantly black counties have COVID-19 infection rates that are nearly three times higher than that of predominantly white counties. According to the CDC, while they make up just 12.5 percent of the U.S. population, they account for 23 percent of COVID-19 deaths and are 3.5 times more likely to die from the disease compared to white populations.

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A Collection of Well-Being Resources

Self-care is a critical part of well-being, but how do you make time for yourself in the middle of a pandemic? This website contains a list of resources, activities, webinars, podcasts, and more. This collection of resources was started by ACR Well-Being Workgroup member Rebecca Seidel, MD, also chair of the Wellness Committee at Emory University, in her efforts to combat the toll of COVID-19.

  1. Self-care

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Movie: Minari (2020)

A semi-autobiographical take on Chung's own upbringing, the plot follows a family of South Korean immigrants who try to make it in rural America during the 1980s.

Minari (film) - Wikipedia

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Book: Americanah (by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie)

When Ifemelu departs military-ruled Nigeria to pursue her studies in America, she is forced to grapple with what it means to be black for the first time. This powerful and tender novel illuminates race relations in contemporary America through Ifemelu’s refreshing wit and brazen honesty.

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Today's virtual teams: Adapting lessons learned to the pandemic context

Feitosa, J., & Salas, E. (2020). Today's virtual teams: Adapting lessons learned to the pandemic context. Organizational dynamics, 100777. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2020.100777

Researchers have highlighted five main challenges that ordinary virtual teams face during the COVID pandemic. Considering the current situation, the authors revisit these original challenges to contextualize them with the goal of helping managers better navigate these unprecedented times.

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Documentary: Crossing Borders (2009)

This is a documentary about the power of cross-cultural friendships. It follows four Moroccan and four American university students as they travel together through Morocco and, in the process of discovering The Other, discover themselves. 

Crossing Borders Poster

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Movie: Bend It Like Beckham (2002)

The film follows the 18-year-old daughter of British Indian Sikhs in London. She is infatuated with football but her parents have forbidden her to play because she is a girl. She joins a local women's team, which makes its way to the top of the league.

Two sporty girls hugging.

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Movie: Lost in Translation (2003)

The film explores themes of alienation and disconnection against a backdrop of cultural displacement in Japan.

Bill Murray's character sits on a hotel bed with Tokyo visible in a window behind him.

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Movie: The Farewell (2019)

The film follows a Chinese-American family who, upon learning their grandmother has only a short while left to live, decide not to tell her and schedule a family gathering before she dies.

The Farewell poster.jpg

Note: A tool created for this movie is available at https://hubicl.org/toolbox/tools/649/objectives

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Movie: Queen (2013)

Rani, an under-confident Punjabi girl from New Delhi embarks on her honeymoon to Paris and Amsterdam by herself after her fiancé calls off their wedding.

QueenMoviePoster7thMarch.jpg

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Movie: A Grandson from America (2012)

An old retired Shadow Puppet Chinese master, Lao Yang, has his quiet life disrupted his 6-year-old American grandson, who barely speaks Chinese. The movie is about their funny interactions and how they overcome differences in age, language and culture.

Grandson from America Poster

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Movie: Gran Torino (2008)

Set in Highland Park, Michigan, this film is the first mainstream American film to feature Hmong Americans.

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Virtual Exchange in Engineering to realize a learning experience based on projects using ICTs

María Fernández-Raga, Thierry Villard, Covadonga Palencia, Ana M. Castañón, Julio Viejo, and Fernando Gómez Fernández. 2019. Virtual Exchange in Engineering to realize a learning experience based on projects using ICTs. In Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Technological Ecosystems for Enhancing Multiculturality (TEEM'19). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 689–695. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1145/3362789.3362790

The specificity of this Project, based on project-based learning (ABP) in the subjects of Fluid Mechanical Engineering in the Degree of Electrical Engineering and Degree of Measurement Engineering, is that it includes collaborative work in teams with foreign students. It incorporates virtual exchange activities carried in English, which allow to improve a large number of soft skills developed thanks to the ABP combination with intercultural interaction. This aims at increasing the motivation of the students, and improving their communicative capacity in English. This proposal will also involve strengthening their teamwork skills, and using new technologies that are basic to enable communication between team members in two different countries. Other skills will also be developed, such as better time management, individual responsibility in the tasks assigned and improved communication for non-experts, since the work has been developed with students of different degrees. Finally, this proposal will be completed by peer assessment making them more aware of their ability and their performance in the tasks.

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Bringing “Internationalization at Home” Opportunities to Community Colleges: Design and Assessment of an Online Exchange Activity between U.S. and Japanese Students

Custer L, Tuominen A. Bringing “Internationalization at Home” Opportunities to Community Colleges: Design and Assessment of an Online Exchange Activity between U.S. and Japanese Students. Teaching Sociology. 2017;45(4):347-357. doi:10.1177/0092055X16679488
  
In this article, the authors describe a virtual exchange activity that we conducted between our sociology courses at a community college in the United States and two universities in Japan. They show through their assessment of the students’ experiences that a well-coordinated, carefully crafted, technology-enhanced internationalization at home activity has the potential to offer important global learning opportunities and intercultural competency development for sociology students who may otherwise lack the means to participate in study abroad.

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A transnational model of virtual exchange for global citizenship education

O'Dowd, R. (2019). A transnational model of virtual exchange for global citizenship education. Language Teaching, 1-14. doi:10.1017/S0261444819000077

This paper begins by reviewing e-tandem and telecollaborative approaches to virtual exchange which are currently being used extensively in foreign language (FL) education and presents two case studies which illustrate the common learning outcomes and limitations of such approaches. The author then proposes an alternative model of virtual exchange which maintains many of the key characteristics of earlier approaches but which incorporates the principles of global citizenship education and which moves away from bilingual–bicultural approaches. The author concludes by outlining the main characteristics of this model and presenting some examples of how this approach could be put into practice.

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Intercultural Learning via Videoconferencing: Students' Attitudes and Experiences

Vurdien, R., & Puranen, P. (2020). Intercultural Learning via Videoconferencing: Students' Attitudes and Experiences. In Management Association, I. (Ed.), Multicultural Instructional Design: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications (pp. 626-645). IGI Global. http://doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-9279-2.ch029

Although asynchronous communication tools have traditionally been used in online interactions, recently increasing popularity has been noted in the application of synchronous communication tools to facilitate intercultural learning. This chapter will explore and report on a study of how students from two countries, Spain and Finland, developed intercultural competence through the use of a video-conferencing platform, Adobe Connect, as a learning context. English was the lingua franca and the exchange of information was aimed at helping the students to learn about different aspects of each other's culture to develop intercultural competence. 

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Trialing Virtual Intercultural Learning With Australian and Hong Kong Allied Health Students to Improve Cultural Competency

Hyett, N., Lee, K. M., Knevel, R., Fortune, T., Yau, M. K., & Borkovic, S. (2019). Trialing Virtual Intercultural Learning With Australian and Hong Kong Allied Health Students to Improve Cultural Competency. Journal of Studies in International Education, 23(3), 389–406. https://doi.org/10.1177/1028315318786442

The purpose of this study was to trial a virtual intercultural learning activity with Australian and Hong Kong undergraduate occupational therapy and oral health students to explore cultural competency learning. The authors utilized a mixed methods study design with quantitative pre- and postsurveys and qualitative group interviews. Study findings illustrate how the activity enabled students to practice and learn intercultural communication skills, gain greater awareness and appreciation for diversity at home and abroad, and engage in global citizenship learning. 

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Understanding the "Other Side": Intercultural learning in a Spanish-English e-mail exchange

O'Dowd, R. (2003). Understanding the "Other Side": Intercultural learning in a Spanish-English e-mail exchange. Language Learning & Technology, 7(2), 118–144. http://dx.doi.org/10125/25202

This paper reviews what recent literature suggests intercultural learning to involve and then reports on a year-long e-mail exchange between Spanish and English second year university language learners. Using the results of qualitative research, the paper identifies key characteristics of e-mail exchanges which helped to develop learners' intercultural communicative competence.

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Friendship and Relationships in Virtual and Intercultural Learning: Internationalising the Business Curriculum

Crossman, J., & Bordia, S. (2011). Friendship and Relationships in Virtual and Intercultural Learning: Internationalising the Business Curriculum. Australian Journal of Adult Learning, 51(2), 329-354.

This paper reports on a qualitative research study concerned with the perceptions of university business students who collaborated on a virtual and international project to learn about intercultural communication. The findings indicated that participants capitalised on the opportunity the project presented to find friends and to negotiate and deepen relationships. In addition, the analysis revealed that social interaction also characterised and influenced the learning experience itself and had implications for engagement. 

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Evaluating the impact of virtual exchange on initial teacher education: a European policy experiment

Baroni, Alice; Dooly, Melinda; Garc´es Garc´ıa, Pilar; Guth, Sarah; Hauck, Mirjam; Helm, Francesca; Lewis, Tim; Mueller-Hartmann, Andreas; O’Dowd, Robert; Rienties, Bart and Rogaten, Jekaterina (2019). Evaluating the impact of virtual exchange on initial teacher education: a European policy experiment. Research-publishing.net.

Evaluating and Upscaling Telecollaborative Teacher Education (EVALUATE, http://www.evaluateproject.eu/) was a European policy experimentation financed by Erasmus+ which studied the impact of a telecollaborative model of virtual exchange on student teachers. This publication presents the findings of the EVALUATE experimentation and its implications for the education of future teachers. The study found that engaging student teachers in structured online intercultural collaboration as part of their formal learning can contribute to the development of their digital-pedagogical, intercultural, and foreign language competences. It can also lead to innovation and international learning in the education of future teachers.

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